Sets in ES6

A set is a collection of distinct items. For example, {2, 4, 5, 6} is a set because each number is unique and appears only once. However, {1, 1, 2, 4} is not a set because it contains duplicate entries (the 1 is in there more than once!).

const nums = [2, 4, 5, 6];
However, arrays do not enforce items to be unique. If we try to add another 2 to nums, JavaScript won't complain and will add it without any issue.
nums.push(2);
console.log(nums);
[2, 4, 5, 6, 2]

…and now nums is no longer a set in the mathematical sense.

Sets

In ES6, there’s a new built-in object that behaves like a mathematical set and works similarly to an array. This new object is conveniently called a "Set". The biggest differences between a set and an array are:

Sets are not indexed-based - you do not refer to items in a set based on their position in the set items in a Set can’t be accessed individually Basically, a Set is an object that lets you store unique items. You can add items to a Set, remove items from a Set, and loop over a Set. These items can be either primitive values or objects.

How to Create a Set There’s a couple of different ways to create a Set.

The first way, is pretty straightforward:

const games = new Set();
console.log(games);
Set {}

This creates an empty Set games with no items.

If you want to create a Set from a list of values, you use an array:

const games = new Set(['Super Mario Bros.', 'Banjo-Kazooie', 'Mario Kart', 'Super Mario Bros.']);
console.log(games);
Set {'Super Mario Bros.', 'Banjo-Kazooie', 'Mario Kart'}

Notice the example above automatically removes the duplicate entry "Super Mario Bros." when the Set is created. Pretty neat!

Modifying Sets After you’ve created a Set, you’ll probably want to add and delete items from the Set. So how do you that? You use the appropriately named, .add() and .delete() methods:

const games = new Set(['Super Mario Bros.', 'Banjo-Kazooie', 'Mario Kart', 'Super Mario Bros.']);
games.add('Banjo-Tooie');
games.add('Age of Empires');
games.delete('Super Mario Bros.');
console.log(games);
Set {'Banjo-Kazooie', 'Mario Kart', 'Banjo-Tooie', 'Age of Empires'}

On the other hand, if you want to delete all the items from a Set, you can use the .clear() method.

games.clear()
console.log(games);
Set {}

TIP: If you attempt to .add() a duplicate item to a Set, you won’t receive an error, but the item will not be added to the Set. Also, if you try to .delete() an item that is not in a Set, you won’t receive an error, and the Set will remain unchanged.

.add() returns the Set if an item is successfully added. On the other hand, .delete() returns a Boolean (true or false) depending on successful deletion.

Working With Sets

Checking The Length

Once you’ve constructed your Set, there are a couple of different properties and methods you can use to work with Sets. Use the .size property to return the number of items in a Set:

const months = new Set(['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']);
console.log(months.size);
12

Remember, Sets can’t be accessed by their index like an array, so you use the .size property instead of .length property to get the size of the Set.

Checking If An Item Exists

Use the .has() method to check if an item exists in a Set. If the item is in the Set, then .has() will return true. If the item doesn’t exist in the Set, then .has() will return false.

console.log(months.has('September'));
true

Retrieving All Values

Finally, use the .values() method to return the values in a Set. The return value of the .values() method is a SetIterator object.

console.log(months.values());
SetIterator {'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'}

TIP: The .keys() method will behave the exact same way as the .values() method by returning the values of a Set within a new Iterator Object. The .keys() method is an alias for the .values() method for similarity with maps.

The last step to working with Sets is looping over them.

The new iterable and iterator protocols in ES6, then you’ll recall that Sets are built-in iterables. This means two things in terms of looping:

You can use the Set’s default iterator to step through each item in a Set, one by one.
You can use the new for...of loop to loop through each item in a Set.

Using the SetIterator

Because the .values() method returns a new iterator object (called SetIterator), you can store that iterator object in a variable and loop through each item in the Set using .next().

const iterator = months.values();
iterator.next();
Object {value: 'January', done: false}

And if you run .next() again?

iterator.next();
Object {value: 'February', done: false}

And so on until done equals true which marks the end of the Set.

Using a for...of Loop

An easier method to loop through the items in a Set is the for...of loop.

const colors = new Set(['red', 'orange', 'yellow', 'green', 'blue', 'violet', 'brown', 'black']);
for (const color of colors) {
  console.log(color);
}
red
orange
yellow
green
blue
violet
brown
black

What is a WeakSet? A WeakSet is just like a normal Set with a few key differences:

a WeakSet can only contain objects
a WeakSet is not iterable which means it can’t be looped over
a WeakSet does not have a .clear() method

You can create a WeakSet just like you would a normal Set, except that you use the WeakSet constructor.

let student1 = { name: 'James', age: 26, gender: 'male' };
let student2 = { name: 'Julia', age: 27, gender: 'female' };
let student3 = { name: 'Richard', age: 31, gender: 'male' };

const roster = new WeakSet([student1, student2, student3]);
console.log(roster);
WeakSet {Object {name: 'Julia', age: 27, gender: 'female'}, Object {name: 'Richard', age: 31, gender: 'male'}, Object {name: 'James', age: 26, gender: 'male'}}

…but if you try to add something other than an object, you’ll get an error!

roster.add('Amanda');
Uncaught TypeError: Invalid value used in weak set(…)

Garbage Collection

In JavaScript, memory is allocated when new values are created and is "automatically" freed up when those values are no longer needed. This process of freeing up memory after it is no longer needed is what is known as garbage collection.

WeakSets take advantage of this by exclusively working with objects. If you set an object to null, then you’re essentially deleting the object. And when JavaScript’s garbage collector runs, the memory that object previously occupied will be freed up to be used later in your program.

student3 = null;
console.log(roster);
WeakSet {Object {name: 'Julia', age: 27, gender: 'female'}, Object {name: 'James', age: 26, gender: 'male'}}

What makes this so useful is you don’t have to worry about deleting references to deleted objects in your WeakSets, JavaScript does it for you! When an object is deleted, the object will also be deleted from the WeakSet when garbage collection runs. This makes WeakSets useful in situations where you want an efficient, lightweight solution for creating groups of objects.

The point in time when garbage collection happens depends on a lot of different factors. Check out MDN’s documentation to learn more about the algorithms used to handle garbage collection in JavaScript.

Divyanshi

Divyanshi

Sets in ES6